Why Music Education Should Be in Schools

shoâ€Å"Music majors are the most likely group of college grads to be admitted to medical school. Physician and biologist Lewis Thomas studied the  undergraduate  majors of medical school applicants. He found that 66 percent of music majors who applied to med school were admitted, the highest percentage of any group. For comparison, (44 percent) of biochemistry majors were admitted. Also, a study of 7,500 university students revealed that music majors scored the highest reading scores among all majors including English, biology, chemistry and math†.Sources: â€Å"The Comparative Academic Abilities of Students in  Education  and in Other Areas of a Multi-focus University,† Peter H. Wood, ERIC Document No. ED327480†³The Case for Music in the Schools,† Phi Delta Kappan, February, 1994 Percentage of Americans who believe: * Music is a part of a well-rounded education 95% * Music is an activity that a child can enjoy all his/her life 98% * Learning a musi cal instrument helps students perform better in other subjects 92% * Music brings the family together 90% School band is a good way for young people to develop teamwork skills 97% * Schools should offer music as a part of the regular curriculum 93% * Music gives children a sense of accomplishment 95% * Music helps teach children discipline 92% * Music helps instill an appreciation of arts and culture 96% The U. S. spends more money than any other country in the world per student on education yet does not have the numbers to show it. Japan and Netherlands though put requirements on every single student to be a part of music enriching class through most of primary school

Help Me to Help Myself

The phrase ‘Help me to help myself’ portrays the child’s sensitivity to do things him/herself with the help of his/her carers, peers and people with whom s/he comes in contact with. Maria Montessori was the one to first recognize this need of the child and went further to research on it. â€Å"As a rule, however, we do not respect children. We try to force them to follow us without regard to their special needs. We are overbearing with them, and above all, rude; and then we expect them to be submissive and well-behaved, knowing all the time how strong is their instinct of imitation and how touching their faith in and admiration of us.They will imitate us in any case. Let us treat them, therefore, with all the kindness, which we would wish to help to develop in them†. -(Montessori, 1965) Due to time and social constraints, we adults often ignore our children’s individuality and abilities. We need to help the child to help him/herself to become more in dependent. A child learns from the time s/he is born. The more the experiences the more the child learns and it is the adult’s duty to provide the means for these experiences. The child's real challenge for independence starts at about age of one, when s/he starts walking.The child will just walk up and down with no motive in his/her mind but to just master the new achievement. The primary carer helps the child just by providing a safer and stimulating environment for him/her without any interference. â€Å"The greater the effort, the greater is the child's pleasure and worse is any interruption†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Things done spontaneously by children are done for the formation of man. The nurse must stay near them and watch them, be ready to help them if necessary†. Maria Montessori (1946, pg.  117-118)Freddie is in a setting where it has been set up, keeping in mind the needs of the child. He is free to choose any activity he likes and he knows that he has to ke ep the activity, which he was playing with, back in the right place. He gets the help when needed. Freedom brings out independence. The more the child is allowed to choose what s/he desires to do the more the child becomes confident and interested in doing things him/her self. It brings in the child self esteem, sense of belonging to the society and the child will be motivated to behave in an acceptable manner.The teacher is close to Freddie so that she can help him if he needs it and observes him too without interfering and respecting his desire to do the button frame. â€Å" It is by helping the child the help himself we render him that help which will make him independent. To teach the child to brush his hair, we must give him a small mirror, a small comb and a suitable brush. If we want the child to was his hands we must provide him with things fit for his size. He will rejoice being able to do things. He will do what he does with enthusiasm. Thus the child is introduced into a form of life, which is necessary for him†.  (Maria Montessori, 1989 pg. 10)Montessori believed that education starts from birth. She believed that a child develops differently at each stage of his/her life. The first developmental stage being The absorbent mind(0-6 years), the second Childhood(6-12 years) and the third Adolescence(12-18 years). During the first three years, the child’s actions are guided by an inner drive, horme, where the child learns unconsciously through his/her actions. The adult helps the child by providing an environment, which is safe, stimulating so that the child learns through exploration, manipulation and discovery.The adult should stay close to the child and observe rather than interfering or restricting a child to one place. As the child grows, the child’s actions are more of intentional/conscious mind. Horme is replaced by ‘will’. Freddie’s will is reflected when he uses the button frame. As he was given the f reedom to choose the activity and use it, Freddie displays the characteristics of a ‘normalised child’. Freddie is responsible as he has put away the puzzle in the right place and respects others as he waits for Jonnie to finish the button frame before he can use it.Montessori not only suggested that freedom forms the basis of independence, but also encouraged freedom with limitations. The ground rules in a nursery setting lay down these limitations. The child is expected to behave in a manner that shows respect to his/her peers, and to the environment. Freddie is given the freedom to chose an activity but he also knows the ground rules, so he waits for his turn, returns the activity, tucks his chair in. These actions not only show his social development but also his sensitivity to order.There is consistency and predictability in his environment. Freddie knows that he has a teacher to ask for help when he needs it. He knows where he can find the activity he wants to do. He also knows what is expected from him. The teacher’s non-interference in Freddie’s choice of the button frame makes him feel trusted to be able to do things for himself. Freedom of movement and physical activity is an important aspect in a growing child. A child becomes independent with exploration and exploration requires movement. Miss J takes Freddie out in the garden when he desires to do so.He waits patiently for his other two friends to get ready. The teacher plays an important role in helping the child. According to M. Montessori(1946, pg. 34), â€Å"The teacher must be a servant to nature, show respect and care, and be humble. Her plan must be to nurture life, which is a force, a force full of wisdom and power†. The teacher must be facilitator and show respect to all children. She should put in efforts to provide the children with an environment that is motivating, stimulating to them. The teacher should be a silent observer and help the child only wh en the child needs it.In Freddie’s case the teacher is a silent observer and helps Freddie when he wants to and also allows easy access to the garden. Montessori emphasised that a favourable environment helps the child learn independently at his/her own pace. A favourable environment meant that the physical environment of the setting should be such that the child can see things at her/his level that acts as help in the development of the child not a hindrance. Montessori’s idea of favourable environment was to provide children with child sized furniture, homely, beautiful, neat, tidy and organised environment.If a child is given a chair his/her size which can be moved freely by him/her, s/he is motivated to do more activities rather than sitting on a stationary chair. Freddie could pick up the button frame on his own as it was kept in a cupboard his size. This nurtures independence. According to Standing (1984, p. 265) â€Å"What Montessori has done is this: realising the peculiarly absorbent nature of the child’s mind, she has prepared for him a special environment; and then, placing the child within it, has given him freedom to live in it, absorbing what he finds there.†Montessori designed materials after observing a child’s developmental needs. She also designed some activities of everyday living that boost a child’s independence and bring in him/her a sense of belonging to the society s/he lives in. Freddie is doing the button frame that helps him to be more independent while dressing himself up. The button frame is only one of the many activities of everyday living designed by M. Montessori that helps the child to become more independent. These activities helped children to be able to do things for themselves and also helped them to be sociable, considerate and respect others.â€Å"Development is the construction of personality, reached by effort and one’s own experiences; it is the long road which every c hild must travel to attain maturity†-Montessori, 2001a, p 187. In order for a child to develop, s/he must be provided with opportunities. These opportunities can be provided to child by creating an environment that attracts and motivates the child. It is necessary to understand that each child learns at his/her own pace. The favourable environment offers the child freedom of movement, freedom to do, freedom to do nothing, predictability, consistency.This freedom comes with limitations so that a child knows that s/he is responsible for his/her own actions. Self-discipline and obedience are the results of such freedom with limitations. Montessori believed that the child works to construct a man. And in this construction, the child requires a lot of support from his/her environment. The child needs guidance and not a person who will do things for the child. After a lot of observations on children and a research on those observations, Montessori has tried to create a system that i s the most favourable for a child’s development, both physical and mental.She has truly supported the child’s sentence- â€Å"help me to help myself†. She designed materials for children which she thought would develop the child’s personality as a whole. Both physical and mental activities are equally important. A child has to be given the freedom to choose what s/he wants to do rather than being directed to do a specific thing. She respected the child’s needs and believed in letting the children to be. It is very easy for us to do things for the child not realising that this acts as a hindrance in a child’s development.

Explain the history of voting rights. How were blacks discriminated Essay

Explain the history of voting rights. How were blacks discriminated against what where some of the methods used to obstruct them from voting - Essay Example The 14th Amendment saw citizenship being granted to American immigrants making them equal with others. The 15th Amendment gave only adult men, both black and white, the right to vote. However, women were still restricted from voting. The same year, 1869, when the 15th Amendment was made witnessed the emergence of Black Codes which were chiefly laws that were restrictive of the freedom of African Americans (Hayduk 77). The right to vote was one of the crucial freedoms that African Americans were deprived and understanding the history of the same is critical. With women still being restricted from voting, activists on the rights of women that were to be seen in the liberation of the sex were common in the late 1880s. The Seneca Falls Convention that was held in 1848 saw activists contest for the right of women to vote (Hayduk, 47). The 19th Amendment of 1920 was a promise that was meant to see the liberation of women and their eventual right to vote. The breakthrough was witnessed in 1965 with the enactment of the federal Voting Rights Act. Here, Dr. Martin Luther King and other activists aimed at registering voters and eliminate barriers that obstructed the same. Several methods were used by Whites to prevent African Americans from voting. Literacy tests were widely used to sieve African Americans as the same group of people could not access an education. African Americans failed these tests making them ineligible to vote (Hayduk 53). The use of poll taxes was also extremely effective as Black people were slaves and had no money to pay as fees. This saw many African Americans being left out of the poll as they were with no money. Locations of polls were only known to whites as blacks were kept in the dark regarding were to cast their votes. In most cases, these polling stations were manned by armed guards and were classified making it exceedingly difficult for African Americans to access the same. Black codes also emphasized

You can choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

You can choose - Essay Example One would say that the most impressive of Chen’s paintings, which can be considered the centerpiece of her exhibition at the White Lotus Gallery, is Turtles Marching, put on display on July 27, 1997. Seemingly based on a variety of impressively designed, individual black and white colors can be said to be extremely exquisite and this is mainly because of the fact that it appears, from a distance, to have been made of wood block. One look at Turtles Marching and one comes to the conclusion that the painter is an accomplished ink painter who has specialized in two media, namely woodcuts and ink painting, and this can be seen to have become inextricably linked within the painting. What can be considered to be one of the best known artworks in the modern world is Chen Haiyan’s Turtles Marching. It can be said to be a depiction of how the ideal world would be; where human life and nature would coexist in harmony. This painting is deemed to be one of Chen’s supreme masterpieces whose proper meaning can be considered to be subject to speculation. While it can be said to be just a regular painting, there also seems to be a deeper meaning behind it, perhaps even a criticism of the way in which the China (being the artist’s home country) handles its environmental issues. The topic of the painting, namely the turtles, leaves the impression on the observer of struggling to get to their destination, namely, the water. It shows the sheer determination which the turtles have to make sure that they get to the water; the image of a man watching them is perhaps a symbol of how man interferes in the set course of nature. This scene can keep people intere sted in the painting for a long time, as each attempt to decipher its true meaning. Turtles Marching is a union of traditional elite artistic qualities with a uneven local quality,

Basic Macro and Microeconomic Policies Assignment

Basic Macro and Microeconomic Policies - Assignment Example Cost extravagances in the airline industry had brought financial costs up decreasing profits but did not automatically mean an increase in sales. Accounting problems and financial data were overlooked or neglected during the dot-com bust. First, too much money was spent on advertising which focused on selling and not marketing. Second, too much advertising money could have been saved if ads were focused on market segments. Cost extravagances in the airline industry had brought financial costs up decreasing profits but did not automatically mean an increase in sales. First, too much money was spent on advertising which focused on selling and not marketing in both online and offline advertising(Churchill,1995). The prior selling attitude of companies as the strove to increase net profits had been to prioritize the seller’s aim to generate profits. The sad thing about this is that the customers’ needs and wants were put to second place or just simply not taken up. Thus, mo ney was spent paying computer programmers large sums of money to make websites that would catch the eyes of prospective computer users. To prove that this type of strategy to increase sales was effective, the companies targeted all computers users whether they were inside the United States or in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. Unfortunately, there is no logic that increased advertising on the internet will automatically translate to increased sales.

Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology Coursework

Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology linguistics - Coursework Example This innate understanding also determines the ages at which various language skills are learned. (c) Interactionist/developmental: Includes both the above and postulates that language learning occurs through a combination of innate ability and interactions with the environment. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) present the views of two theorists, i.e, Piaget on the basis that language learning occurs based upon a symbol system developed in childhood, which is expanded through interaction with the environment and Vygotsky who expressed the view that the internal thought process is determined based upon social interaction. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) also state that language learning in early childhood may occur through sometimes imperfect imitation. As they go to school and the social context widens, they develop metalinguistic awareness and improve vocabulary through additional reading. Under the interactionist/developmental approach, these authors have thus combined two separate approache s, i.e, the behaviourist and the innatist perspectives. 2. Cook’s views are related to the innatist perspective, because it assumes that the complex rules of grammar cannot be learnt purely through imitation or conditioning. The innatist approach appears to be favoured here, because the explanation offered for understanding of complex grammar is that there must be a biologically programmed ability for grammar acquisition already existent within the human brain. The universal understanding of complex grammar could not be innately derived. 3. In second language learning, the attitude of the L1 group to the L2 speakers will play a role in influencing learning. Since language is a form of communication and a medium for the expression of thought, it can only develop within a social context and through active interaction. Thus, Cook’s views show that while the basic structure of language, i.e., its roots – grammar – may develop with the assistance of innate ele ments, effective language learning cannot take place without external interactions. When learners in the L1 group are able to communicate effectively with individuals from the L† (foreign language) group – individuals who are at a similar or slightly higher level, then a positive attitude will reinforce learning. Hence, this only reinforces the association between the interactionist/developmental perspectives, because development in language to advanced stages can only take place through interaction. 4. This section underlines the importance of learner attitude in influencing learning outcomes. For example if learners in group L1, the native language group – feel inferior to the L2 group, whose language they are learning, they may resent the process. It could lead to a culture shock and a concomitant loss of the identity that their native language provides them, which may negatively affect learning outcomes. This would also be the case if the reverse was true, i. e., the L1 group feels superior to the L2 group. A positive outlook is likely to boost learner motivation and the will to overcome linguistic difficulties to learn the new language. Activity 6: Reflections on Theory: 1. As a classroom teacher, the first option of a philosopher proposing a big idea is more appealing, because it is primarily based upon observances of behaviour or psychological

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Case Study - Assignment Example In addition, monetary and fiscal policies will have an effect on the interest rates of the whole economy. Higher oil prices affect the global economy in a number of ways. Some of the factors include the transfer; when consumers buy oil, they transfer their wealth to oil producers. In our case, the decrease of oil prices makes the US dollar to be strong and causes repatriation of money to the Federal Reserve. The forces of demand and supply have affected the global prices. The laws of demand and supply state that as the price of a commodity increases, its demand decrease with the exception of a few while the law of supply states that as the supply of commodities decreases, its price increases. In the international oil prices the law of demand and supply applies. The diagram below demonstrates on the law of demand and supply for crude oil up to 2015. The supply of oil since last year has been increasing steadily than the actual demand which led to the decrease of oil prices as shown above. The supply was caused by stockpiling of unused oil. The chat above is used courtesy of International Energy Agency. However, in countries like Russia and Venezuela, its bad news. The oil producing and exporting company would not pass a resolution on this trend. Of a great interest is Saudi Arabia which has been blamed for not curbing its production thus leading to a high supply of crude oil and gas in the world. As a result, the prices went down by half which led to their economy to decline unlike in the US which has stored oil in barrels in their reserves. Another effect is that this causes price discrimination among various states especially the emerging economies. Countries like India and China compared to the US have greater price disparities due to oil prices fluctuation. The US in a way enjoy monopoly because of the strong currency and emerging economies currency continue to depreciate Hanke (2014). This is what causes

Four Stages of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Four Stages of Leadership - Essay Example Teamwork is also essential for any success of a leader (Stagish, 2006). This is because when a leader does not work with the employees, but instead issues orders, the employees can fail to work effectively. Through teamwork, the satisfaction of the employees will increase. There will be the creation of good ideas that will come out of the association between the leaders and employees (Kramer, 2002). For people to trust the leaders in a company, the leader has to portray some behaviors deemed ethical by the society. The leader should be honest in all the work that he does in the organization (Porter-O’Grady, 2010). He should be sincere when dealing with all employees and not exhibit double standard while issuing orders. The leaders should also have integrity. This means that, in all the decisions that he has to make, he should have the same stand. He should be able to show competence in his dealings. This means that the basis of his decisions should not rely on his emotions or his desires. The leader should also depict intelligence to their juniors. The employees will thus trust the leader’s opinion, since his intellect can be trusted. Vital behaviors are necessary for a leader to adapt and ensure that he achieves teamwork in all his dealings. The leader has to ensure he understands the benefits of teamwork. He should know that, through teamwork, creative ideas could crop up (Shockley-Zalabak, 2010). The leader should thus aim to encourage all employees to participate actively in meetings and jobs that they do. This will lead to the employees helping each other the moment they get a problem. The result will be a better time management as less time is wasted. Second level The organization should adapt the synergic approach. I believe that leaders of an organization can work well with the employees to make certain that they realize the objectives of the organization as well as benefit the society. This can be a milestone in increasing the growth of t he company (Holmes, 2005). The company needs to ensure the employees understand the need to please the society and achieve the goals of the company. The leader of the company should share and find ways of achieving the goals of the company through teamwork. The employees will then learn to help each other in the company, especially when they are in the same field in the organization. This is because when the employees work together, they learn to come up with an idea that works very well in a situation. The leader can analyze the effect of the change in the active participation of employees in the team (Salas, 2001). This way, they will appreciate teamwork, internalize it and use it in all the activities they do in the company. The leaders should also build their trust in the employees. They can do this by sharing with them and showing them that they can be trusted. Leaders should understand the imperativeness of earning the trust of the employees. Their consistency and competence a re what the employees will use to judge and trust them. A leader can openly tell the employees that he can be trusted, and act in ways that make the employees believe him. Third Level The purpose of the company should be to offer the best services for the clients of the organization. They should be very kind and respectful to them regardless of the attitude of the clients. This means that they should be very tolerant will all the clients. The employees should also be able to make

Can Obama make all the change that he promised Essay

Can Obama make all the change that he promised - Essay Example In this essay, I intend to evaluate if he is capable of fulfilling the changes that he has promised during his campaigns and victory. My goal, however, is to prove that he is indeed capable of realizing the changes he has promised the people. In order to make a substantial research piece, I intend to use this source: â€Å"Change we believe in? Using political science to predict policy change in the Obama presidency† by Jonathan Woon. Woon’s â€Å"Change we believe in? Using political science to predict policy change in the Obama presidency† can provide data on his own evaluation of Obama’s presidency. Woon is an Assistant Professor in University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Political Science since 2007. Then prior to that, he was an assistant professor in Carnegie Mellon University’s He has a doctorate degree in Political Economics from Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business, which he earned in 2005. He is an S.B in Political Science with a minor in Economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in June 2000. His affiliations include American Political Science Association, Midwest Political Science Association and Southern Political Science Association. He has various publications, working papers and works that are still in progress. His works were published in various journals and compilation essays – his first publication was â€Å"Testing Theories of Lawmaking† which he wrote with Keith Krehbiel and Adam Meirowitz, this was included in the Social Change and Strategic Decisions: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey S. Banks in 2005, then in 2007 his work entitled â€Å"Direct Democracy and the Selection of Representative Institutions: Voter Support for Appointment Initiatives, 1924-1962 was published in State Politics and Policy Quarterly. He has two publications in the Journal of Politics, both in the year 2008, and they are â€Å"Bill Sponsorship in

The Elements of Classical and Alternative Cinema in The Big Sleep Essay

The Elements of Classical and Alternative Cinema in The Big Sleep - Essay Example The difference between art cinema and classical cinema is clearly delineated. Art cinema is the most acknowledged area within film studies due to the recognition it receives from celebrated filmmakers, specific films or cinema types, as well as from select writers and the target audience. Art cinema is commonly located within the auteur category of films, with examples including L’Avventura (1960). In contradistinction to art cinema, David Bordwell and other filmmakers coined the term ‘classical cinema. Their focus tends to be on the metteurs-en-scene category of art or film. As such, classical cinema has been broadly disseminated because of the dominance of these film types, and most filmmakers choose to make films in this style. Art cinema is presented in small film theatres, compared to classical cinema, which is conducted in large multiplexes. Art cinema screen new films with repertory functions, drawing their audiences from a highly educated urban demographic. This differs from classical cinema, which is indicative of popular culture and attracts a less educated, rural demographic (Kolker 1980). 3. Who are the movie brats and what do they have to do with auteurism? Movie brats include directorial luminaries such as Michelangelo Antonioni (b. 1912), Federico Fellini (1920–1993), Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930) and Ingmar Bergman (b. 1918). Their respective films L’Avventura, 8? (1963), About de souffle (Breathless, 1960) and Det sjunde inseglet (The seventh seal, 1957) played a critical role regarding the impact that auteurism has had film production. It is evident that a new generation of movie brats exercised greater controls in the creative process and production of their films (Grist 2000). The recent works of the movie brats have challenged the romantic and individualistic ideologies portrayed in earlier works that conform to aspects of auteurism. As pointed out by David Cook (1996), auteurism was exploited along with the rise of c ollege-level film to entice patronage. Further, Timothy Corrigan (1994) also notes that the appearance of the United States (US) studio system made the deployment of auteurism a potential outcome in the marketing of movies within a system other than that using studio signatures. The movie brats also tended to focus on the role of auteurism in enhancing the economies of distribution. Therefore, the article focuses on the place of auteurism and its struggle against the organization of film production in the first few years. They have thus deployed auteurism to assert the prerogative of the professional-managerial class against, not only the studios but also the film unions.  

Filipino people Essay Example for Free

Filipino people Essay Women have always enjoyed greater equality in Philippine society than was common in other parts of Southeast Asia. Since pre-Spanish times, Filipinos have traced kinship bilaterally. A womans rights to legal equality and to inherit family property have not been questioned. Education and literacy levels in 1990 were higher for women than for men. President Aquino often is given as an example of what women can accomplish in Philippine society. The appearance of women in important positions, however, is not new or even unusual in the Philippines. Filipino women, usually called Filipinas, have been senators, cabinet officers, Supreme Court justices, administrators, and heads of major business enterprises. Furthermore, in the early 1990s women were found in more than a proportionate share of many professions although they predominated in domestic service (91 percent), professional and technical positions (59. 4 percent), and sales (57. 9 percent). Women also were often preferred in assembly-type factory work. The availability of the types of employment in which women predominated probably explains why about two-thirds of the rural to urban migrants were female. Although domestic service is a low-prestige occupation, the other types of employment compare favorably with opportunities open to the average man. This favorable occupational distribution does not mean that women were without economic problems. Although women were eligible for high positions, these were more often obtained by men. In 1990 women represented 64 percent of graduate students but held only 159 of 982 career top executive positions in the civil service. In the private sector, only about 15 percent of top-level positions were held by women. According to many observers, because men relegated household tasks to women, employed women carried a double burden. This burden was moderated somewhat by the availability of relatives and servants who functioned as helpers and child caretakers, but the use of servants and relatives has sometimes been denounced as the equivalent of exploiting some women to free others. Since the Spanish colonial period, the woman has been the family treasurer, which, at least to some degree, gave her the power of the purse. Nevertheless, the Spanish also established a tradition of subordinating women, which is manifested in womens generally submissive attitudes and in a double standard of sexual conduct. The womans role as family treasurer, along with a womans maintenance of a generally submissive demeanor, has changed little, but the double standard of sexual morality is being challenged. Male dominance also has been challenged, to some extent, in the 1987 constitution. The constitution contains an equal rights clausealthough it lacks specific provisions that might make that clause effective. As of the early 1990s, divorce was prohibited in the Philippines. Under some circumstances, legal separation was permitted, but no legal remarriage was possible. The family code of 1988 was somewhat more liberal. Reflective of Roman Catholic Church law, the code allowed annulment for psychological incapacity to be a marital partner, as well as for repeated physical violence against a mate or pressure to change religious or political affiliation. Divorce obtained abroad by an alien mate was recognized. Although the restrictive divorce laws might be viewed as an infringement on womens liberty to get out of a bad marriage, indications were that many Filipinas viewed them as a protection against abandonment and loss of support by wayward husbands. http://www. mongabay. com/history/philippines/philippines-the_role_and_status_of_the_filipina. html La Mujer Indigena The Native WomanA description of the Filipino Woman during Pre-Spanish Timeby Lorna S. Torralba Titgemeyer| | Introduction:When Sr. Mary John Mananzan came to Vienna to give a seminar on the comparative role and status of the Filipino woman in the family and society, past and present, initially I was not so sure of participating, for reasons difficult to explain. Partly because I was confident of my status as woman and wife, or maybe I was afraid that my individualism and self-confidence might be influenced or could cause changes in me. But curiosity got the better of me. The day turned out to be very amusing, very interesting and very informative. The following is in part a summary of Sr. Mary John? s one-day lecture, reflecting on the status of the pre-Spanish Filipino woman, as this helped me understand why we sometimes have this strange feeling of being different from how we had been brought up that is, being meek, obedient and humble in short, a good mujer christiana. From Catalona or Babaylan, La Mujer Indigena to La Mujer ChristianaThe Philippines during the pre-colonial period was not a whole entity, the way it is now. It was made up of loosely related principalities with their own separate social, political and economic systems under their own tribal rulers. Community life and social activities were organized mainly on the basis of kinship, beliefs and economic interest. A group of elders were advisers to the tribal ruler and jointly they acted as judge and lawgiver. In some communities, the Babaylan was highly respected as priestess or religious practitioner, as well as healer, counselor and mediator in the tribe. Although differing in name, every tribe had its own religious practitioners, who were preferred to men. In fact, when a male performed the religious office of a Catalona or Babaylan, he was dressed like a woman. With this reference, I would like to present the unknown image of pre-Spanish Filipino woman, la mujer indigena totally in contradiction to the prevailing belief that the elevation of the status of women, was one of the benefits brought by Spanish colonization. The matriarchal society which many of us believed we always had in the Philippines is also a false presumption. The falsely taken patriarchal upbringing with its machismo and a touch of misogyny came uplater with the Spanish colonization. In the eraly Philippines there had always been an egalitarian relationship not only between husband and wife, but also in the upbringing of offsprings. The early Filipinos gave equal importance to both male and female offsprings. Inheritance was divided equally among them, distinguishing only primogeniture and legitimacy. Education was an opportunity for both sexes. Arranged marriage was a custom among pre-Spanish Filipinos. The groom and his family gave dowry to the bride? sparents, an amount agreed upon according to their means. When married the woman did not lose her name. In some Tagalog regions, if the woman was especially distinguished, the husband usually took her name. So it was usual to hear people refered to the husband of Ninay or the husband of Isyang. The pre-colonial Filipino wife was treated as a companion, not as slave. She enjoyed freedom in making decisions in the family. Her say was not only confined to domestic affairs like having a baby or not. Giving birth many times was disliked by women, especially those who inhabited towns near the sea, saying that in having many children, they are like pigs. For this reason they practiced abortion after having the desired number of children. What name to give a child was also her prerogative. She enjoyed a key role in the economic stability of the family. Formal contracts were done only in her presence. In fact there were only very few husbands who would dare enter into contracts without the consent or presence of their wives. It was seldom that a woman did not know how to manage the family landholdings. She had the task of agricultural production once the ground had been prepared by the man. She engaged herself in weaving and pottery-making and usually managed the trading of products and wares. The role of women in the political field, especially leadership role is a disputable subject for those who say, this was based merely on legends. Remember the legend of Queen Maniwantiwan, the wife of Datu Marikudo whose consent had to be secured before he could sell his lands to the Bornean immigrants led by Datu Puti. Another queen who is reported to have ruled Cotabato in the seventh century was Queen Sima. The practice of primogeniture with regard to inheritance regardless of sex allowed women to succeed their fathers as rulers of tribes. The most famous of the women leaders of pre-Spanish society was Princess Urduja of Pangasinan. She was supposed to be a beautiful Amazon, courageous and intelligent, possessing knowledge of languages and culture of Old Asia. In Teresita Infante? s documented study, The Woman in Early Philippines and Among Tribal Minorities, there is a description of the role of women among the Kalingas: Kalinga women are not barred from belonging to the highest rank of society, which entitles them to the privileges equal to those of men in similar rank. Some are recognized as pact holders and as she is the one who owns the pact, only her children or relatives have the right to inherit it. Pact holders were those who held agreement with a prominent citizen of another tribe or community in which each party agreed to give protection and aid to all members of each other? s community while they were in his/her territory. Punishment was imposed if any harm had been done to them by his/her tribe member. This important position of being a pact holder was recognized among women in the pre-Spanish society. In the event of divorce caused by childlessness, infidelity, failure to fulfill obligations towards family, etc. the dowry had to be returned by the bride? s family if she was at fault. However, if the husband was at fault, he lost any right of its return. The children were divided equally between the two regardless of sex. The conjugally-acquired property was also divided equally. This way, she possessed equal rights with regard to divorce according to law and custom. To summarize, the pre-Spanish filipino woman, the mujer indigena had an honoured position in the family and society, which was dispensed with by the Spaniards. A new Filipina was formed, a person moulded to the image and likeness of the perfect woman of the Iberian society of her time. She had to follow many rules and regulations on how to lead the life of a good mujer christiana, which meant lesser freedom and rights. | http://www. univie. ac. at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/wstat/mujer. htm.

Calamity Recuperation System

Calamity Recuperation System 1.Overview SanGrafix (party B) will give XXXX (party A) with the XXXX calamity recuperation system arranging and usage extend. The administration arrangement gave by party B contains the accompanying: IT the present state of affairs review Feasibility investigation of the calamity recuperation system design Technology investigation and arrangement definition Testing arranging and coordination of key advancements Implementation administration and support of the fiasco recuperation system Training and information exchange Following the Contract Law of State, party A and party B achieve a concurrence on the announcement of work (SOW) in view of the guideline of intentional shared balance and advantage. The SOW characterizes the administrations gave by party B to party A, deliverables, and obligations of both sides. Moreover, the SOW additionally ensures the smooth execution of the venture and records the limitations that must be centered on during the venture execution prepare. Unless generally expressed, terms in the SOW are characterized as takes after: Party A: Indicates XXXX. Party B: Indicates SanGrafix Co., Ltd. Both sides: Indicate XXXX and SanGrafix Co., Ltd. Principle contract: Indicates the interview benefit contract marked by both sides. SOW: Indicates the discussion benefit SOW marked by both sides. Administrations: Indicate the administrations that must be given by party B to finish the venture in light of the terms in the primary contract. 1.1Â  Purpose In light of the hazard examination and BIA, party B might break down disaster recovery prerequisites of party As data systems and detail appropriate and powerful disaster recovery approaches to direct the subsequent disaster recovery system development. The BIA is composed of the following steps: Arrangements for disaster recovery association development of information systems: As indicated by the advancement procedures and genuine states of party A, proposes an association design for reaction to crises of information systems, comprehends the position levels of proprietors, and gives rules to future arrangement improvement and crisis administration. Policies for disaster recovery ability development of information systems: By considering the BIA result and real states of party A, characterizes disaster recovery development levels of information systems in the generation focus and the range and asset pointers for building the intra-city disaster recovery focus and in addition gives rules to creating specialized arrangements. Policies for the disaster recovery procedures of information systems: As indicated by the aftereffects of BIA and hazard examination and in addition advancement procedures and genuine states of party A, decides the recovery needs, RTO, and RPO of information systems in case of a startling disaster or crisis and gives rules to future arrangement improvement and crisis administration. Policies for keeping up and dealing with the disaster recovery focus: By breaking down the improvement procedures and genuine states of party An and arrangements for disaster recovery system development, proposes an OM structure of the disaster recovery focus and gives rules to future OM system development in the disaster recovery focus. 1.2Â  Service Scope In this stage, the work substance incorporate definition of strategies for developing a disaster reinforcement system in the intra-city disaster recovery focus of party An, arrangements for crisis taking care of and disaster recovery procedures, and approaches for disaster recovery OM. 1.3 Responsibilities of Party A Provides proposals on disaster recovery strategies. Arranges and facilitates significant work force and gives records, methodology, and applicable documentation to party B. Provides comfort to party B to direct examinations and meetings. Facilitates and orchestrates the calendar of respondents and applicable faculty. Confirms the disaster recovery targets including the recovery scope, succession, RTO, and RPO of IT systems. Confirms the suggested disaster recovery development mode. Confirms the suggested advancements. Confirms the arrangement related issues that should be settled. 1.4 Responsibilities of Party B Understands the business conditions, future advancement arranging, disaster recovery arranging, and strategies of party A. Provides recommendations on the disaster recovery strategies to party A in light of the BIA result and national and mechanical controls. Outputs a disaster recovery arrangement report of information systems inside a predetermined period in light of the administrations in the agreement. Communicates with party A and affirms the proposals on disaster recovery arrangements. Modifies and enhances the arrangement archives in view of the survey remarks of party A. 2.System Description The main purpose of the BIA is to prepare sanGrafix for any kind of threat Business continuity policy is just another term for backup. Running a company without backup is not a smart move in business industry. Our business continuity plan should contain a comprehensive roadmap to restore any information during any disaster. Copies of the plan will be sent out to all important personals so that the services are never threatened. Complete analysis of all the possible threats to the company. Company response to the threat will because of both type of threat and extent of the threat. All SanGrafix sites and online storages are expected to implement preventive measures to minimize network failure. 2.1 Assignment of Service Responsibilities Service Content Service Description Responsibility of Party A Responsibility of Party B Discussion on disaster recovery policies Discusses the business status quo, future development planning, disaster recovery planning, and policies with party A. Providing assistance Taking the main responsibility Suggestions on disaster recovery policies Provides suggestions on the disaster recovery policies to party A based on the BIA result and national and industrial regulations. Providing assistance Taking the main responsibility Disaster recovery policy report output Outputs a disaster recovery policy report. Taking all responsibilities Report review Reviews and confirms the disaster recovery policy report. Taking all responsibilities 3Definition of a Disaster Recovery System Architecture and Technical Solution 3.1 Service Objectives To guarantee smooth development of the disaster reinforcement system of party A, specialists of party B might join necessity investigation result, disaster recovery strategies, and development wanting to help party An arrangement the design of the intra-city disaster recovery system and technical courses. In light of the technical courses affirmed by both sides and general engineering configuration, party B should refine the intra-city disaster recovery arrangement, give item designs, and compute harsh costs. 3.2Service Content Disaster recovery engineering outline and technical course detailing: By considering disaster recovery strategies, pointers, (for example, the RTO and RPO) in the development arranging, and current system states of party A, specialists of party B should outline an intra-city disaster recovery system engineering and examine, assess, and test standard advancements to plan itemized technical courses and approaches. The technical courses cover the information replication innovation, organize engineering, standby preparing system, and handling capacities. In the wake of talking about and affirming the general arranging and general technical course with party An, experts of party B might refine the intra-city disaster recovery arrangement. Technical arrangement refining: In light of the former arranging and technical courses, experts of party B might build up a propelled, proficient, and appropriate intra-city disaster recovery arrangement. The arrangement covers the IT system investigation, information replication system arrangement, reinforcement handling system arrangement, and reinforcement organize system arrangement. Requirements for reinforcement system preparing abilities: Involve classifications of administrations that can procedure exchanges, number of exchanges that are finished inside unit time, outer applications and their transmission capacity, branches and their transfer speed, exchange strategies and abilities of reproductions, effect on the exchange abilities of the generation system, and different capacities, for example, testing and information inquiry. Requirements for reinforcement system recovery capacities: Involve impromptu occasions that can be taken care of and their sorts, recovery benefit sorts, recovery strategies, honesty of recouped information, and time required for administration recovery. Requirements for reinforcement system security: Involve physical security, information security, and staff security. Requirements for routine administration of the reinforcement system: Involve checking modes, change operation modes, recovery operation modes, technical bolster modes, and abilities. Suggestions on basic items and designs: Involve brands of basic items, models, and nitty gritty setups of system gadgets, hosts, and capacity gadgets (that meet marker prerequisites in the technical arrangement arranging). 3.3 Service Scope The work substance of detailing an intra-city disaster recovery arrangement cover IT foundation getting ready for the disaster recovery focus and plan of the information replication and reinforcement system, standby handling system, standby system, and system security. 3.4 Responsibilities of Party A Specifies a venture supervisor and approves the venture chief with adequate human asset allotment rights. The venture director is in charge of affirming the execution of each undertaking and passing on messages in the venture usage handle. Arranges engineers who know about big business IT information system designs to take an interest in the discussion extend. The members must be proficient faculty in various fields, including system engineers, arrange engineers, application designers, and database heads of party A. Participates (technical work force of party A) in adequate exercises in the conference extend so that the arrangement can better meet client prerequisites and information can be exchanged. These exercises incorporate different trainings, dialogs, and gatherings. Attaches (pioneers of party A) significance to conference work and completely bolsters the meeting members. Reviews and affirms the arrangement of party B. 3.5 Responsibilities of Party B Designs a disaster recovery system engineering by examining necessities, strategies, and qualities of mechanical disaster recovery models. Formulates technical courses for disaster recovery by examining prerequisites for disaster recovery levels of use systems, disaster recovery pointers, and standard disaster recovery advances. Designs an asset setup answer for the disaster recovery focus in light of the technical courses and current IT asset arrangements of party A. Outputs the underlying draft of the disaster recovery arrangement, submits it to party A for audit, and updates it in light of survey remarks of party A. Business Continuity Sprint Business. (2017). Sprint Business. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from https://business.sprint.com/solutions/business-continuity/?ECID=sem%3Aggl%3A20170303%3ADWASearch%3ANB%3AB2B%3APhrase%3ABusinessContinuity Business Continuity Plan. Ready.Gov. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/BusinessContinuityPlan.pdf Shinder, D. (2017). 10 Things You Should Cover In Your Business Continuity Plan. TechRepublic. Retrieved from http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-things-you-should-cover-in-your-business-continuity-plan/

Organizational Culture In Strategic Management

Organizational Culture In Strategic Management Culture plays an important part in our society. It refers to beliefs and codes of practice that makes a community what it is. It also plays the same role in organizations. A strong organizational culture will provide stability to an organization as it has significant influence on the attitudes and behaviours of organizations members. Most of companys top managers have a strong awareness that the culture of a company is crucial to everything they do and plays irreplaceable part in their success. However, not many companies can admit that they can describe their culture and fully understand how important it is in the success of their businesses. Therefore, this paper will give a deeper insight about how an organizations culture can have a great influence on its strategic management processes. What is Organization Culture ? There are various explanations and elements to define organizational culture. For some, it means top management beliefs and values about how they should manage the organization and conduct the business (Lorsch 1986). For some, it is an evolutionary process relating to people that creates unique characters for the organization (Hatch 1993). However, in general, organizational culture has been defined as the pattern of fundamental assumptions or beliefs that a specific group has developed through learning to deal with its problems of internal assimilation and external adaptation, and that have been approved to work effectively, and therefore it can be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, feel and behave in relation to those problems (Schein 2009). The Importance of Organizational Culture in Strategic Management : Considering the importance of organizational culture and its impacts in strategic management is very essential. As organizational culture and strategies are both social processes, many strategists argue that culture and strategies are connected. According to Alvesson (2002), cultural dimension plays a vital role in all aspects of an organization. It is so impacting that it can determine the success and failure of an organization. In leadership concept, organizational culture has been identified as one the important components that strategic leaders can use to develop dynamic organization. Culture reflects the way in which people in an organization set objectives, manage their resources and perform their tasks. Culture also affects people behaviour unconsciously. Even in those organizations where the ideal of organizational culture do not receive much explicit attention, how people think, feel, value, believe and behave in a company are generally influenced by ideas, beliefs and perce ption of a cultural nature. According to Schein (2010), organizational leaders achieve success by constantly sending clear signals about their priorities, beliefs and values. Once culture is established and accepted, they become a strong management tool for leaders to communicate and energize their members with beliefs and values to do their jobs in a strategy supportive manner. When leaders succeed in promotion ethical culture in the organization, they will also become successful in organizational growth and consequently are competitive to their rivals. Therefore, it is very important to develop a strong culture in the organization as well as strategies that are suitable to the culture in order to be strengthened by it. If a particular strategy does not match with the organization culture, it could be almost impossible to accomplish expected outcome from the planned strategy. Organizational Culture, Vision and Mission in Strategic Management : One of the perspective to look at how organizational culture supports strategic management is through its influence on organizations missions and visions. Missions and visions play an important part in companys strategic management. According to Harrison and John (2010), a written mission statement is one of the most common way that managements use to communicate with their staffs about strategic direction. Generally, missions and visions state the companys purpose and values which provides ideals and direction for the company as it interacts with the marketplace. This will not only give a sense of purpose to internal and external stakeholders but also help them in resource allocation decisions which is very for carrying out companys strategy management. However, in order to have an effective missions and visions, managements need to connect them to organizational culture. In fact, one of the way to see an organizations culture through its reflection in core values (Schein 2010). Acc ording to Tocquigny and Butcher (2012), core values are the set of belief or ideology by which an organization operates. They are the foundation of organizational culture. In this fast paced era when everything is changing, core values are still constant. The organization may develop new strategies, policies or even significantly restructure; however, the fundamental identity of the company still remains intact. These values are the essential, foundational principles that will guide the organizations vision, mission and strategies as well as define and differentiating the organization from its competitors (Senske 2003). They create a foundation of attitudes and practices that every members have to agree to follow in order to support the vision and long term success of the organization. They also provide reference points and goals which allows organization to shape and strengthen its business. As internalized perception and beliefs can motivate staffs performance to exceptional level s, an effective strategic leaders need to understand and develop their intended implemented strategies that are suitable to organizational culture in order to pursue the vision of organizations leaders. Until organization decides what those cultural values are, and how they will interact with each other, ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s very difficult to do anything else, whether setting goals, establishing measurements, solving problems or even making decision effectively. One example about how organizational culture can support companys vision and mission is Facebook. Facebook is described as a cutting edge technology that constantly taking on new challenges in the worlds of milliseconds and terabyte. Their vision for the company is to create a fast changing and innovative company. They do not aim for perfection that requires a long time in order to launch the product but they weigh heavily on being able to make and ship products quickly, get customers feedback and continue to innovate it. In order to encourage creativity and innovation within the company, Facebooks culture created by Zuckerberg is a relaxed, unstructured and open culture. Employees can come and go as they please, with no standard work schedules which results in more employee freedom. If employees need to chill out, they can play video or table-top games. Collaboration and teamwork are encouraged to be in an informal communication and atmosphere. They also constantly encourage people to keeping things fresh, innovative and interesting, to be bold in experimenting new ideas, without any meddling from above. All of these have fostered for a fun-loving, casual and creative working environment which makes their staffs satisfied while achieving their goal to be a rapid innovative technology company (Robbins and Judge 2011). Organizational Culture as Competitive Advantage in Strategic Management : Another reason that makes culture become a determinant of business success or failure is due to its contribution in organizations competitive advantage. Creating and sustaining competitive advantage in a particular industry is always the major concern in organizations strategic management. This is because competitive advantage will help the organization to differentiate itself from its competitors while strengthening its position in the market place. According to McDonald and Gandz (1992), culture can contribute positively to the competitive advantage of companies. It can be a great tool for organization to increase their level of performance which makes it become more competitive in market place. Fernandez and Hogan (2003) have stated that culture is the underlying attitudes and beliefs that can strongly influence individual and group behaviour. When members in an organization share the same beliefs and values, they can understand what kind of attitudes they expect themselves and ot her people to show in working place as well as how they need to behave and react in particular situation in order cooperate well with each other. As they understand what the company is trying to accomplish, it will motivate them to work for a higher purpose which in turn helps to set an organization apart from the competition (Gilmartin 1999). Managements can also use organizational culture as an effective tool to dictate, control and manage employee behaviours in their strategic management (Sinha 2008). In fact, this is a more powerful way of managing employee than companys rules and regulations. Leaders in the company can use culture to influence, educate and shape their staff s mindset and attitude to gain their support in following the companys plan and procedure while reducing resistance in the organization. Having a strong, positive and strategy-supportive culture will affect the energy, enthusiasm, working habits and operating practices of employees which will not only booste r the efficiency and effectiveness in the department but also attract many people to work in the organization while reducing their staff turnover, hiring and training cost which results in yielding a competitive advantage. Not only contribute to companys competitive advantage , organizational culture also sustains the companys competitive advantage. As a company starts to experience the superior financial performance, its competitors will also starts to seek to copy what they believe is the source of competitive advantage that generates the success of the company. After examining the relationship between culture and superior financial performance, Barney (1986) concluded that culture is the factor that can help companies to generate sustained competitive advantage. He strongly believes that a strong and valuable organizational culture is one of the most sustainable competitive advantages a company can have. This is because a valuable and rare cultures is very difficult to imitate. Giving enough time and money, competitors can duplicate almost everything what an has done. They can hire away some of the companys best people. They can reverse engineer the companys processes. However, when it comes to orga nizational culture, they canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t duplicate the organizations culture. It is very hard for people to define culture clearly, especially in respect of its contribution to value of companys product and service. Another reason for this is that culture is usually related to historical aspects of company development as well as to the vision, beliefs and inspiration from particular strategic leaders. Organizational culture is the uniqueness and the identity of an organization that will differentiate the company from its competitors. If companies know how to make use of culture in their strategic management, it will be a powerful tool for them to sustain their competitiveness and consistence in the market while helping them to achieve success in their strategy implementation. Even when rivals try to apply the firms cultural attributes, there will be no guarantee that they can produce the same culture or obtain superior financial performance just like what the company has achieved. A good example to illustrate this point is Zappos company. Knowing that customers nowadays not only focus on good products but they also demand excellent service from the outlets, Zapposs strategic plan is to build a long term brand that not just about shoes, clothing or online retailing but to be about the best customer service and the best customer experience. To be able to achieve this goal, Zappos believes that organizational culture is the only answer. They believe that if they can get the culture right, most of other stuffs such as great customer service, or passionate employees, or building great long term brand will naturally happen on its own. In order to make employees to deliver an excellent service, instead of just using rules and procedures like other companies to educate staffs, the managements in here have shaped their staffs mindset and attitude by using culture to transmit their message to their staffs. Zappos have created a culture that encourages employees to wow e ach other by being yourself, as crazy or weird as possible, showing your care and love for other people, and just having fun in the workplace. As the employees start to be wowed by their colleagues, they will automatically want to do the same thing for other people, especially for their customers. This culture not only makes employees to be happy in their workplace but it also encourages staffs to be creative and enthusiastic in wowing their customers which results in increase in their repeated customers and their sale performance. This culture is something unique that people usually do not find in other companies which makes it attractive to their staffs as well as to other people to work in Zappos. It becomes a competitive advantage of Zappos which cannot be copied by other competitors. It makes Zappos become more competitive and differentiate themselves from their rivals in the market place (Hsieh 2010). Organizational Culture and Strategic Decision Making : Another perspective for managements to consider about the importance of their organizational culture in strategic management is its impact on their strategic decision making. As it has been mentioned above, culture is the organization s identity, values, beliefs that influences how people, from managements to employees, behave in the organization. Therefore, Thompson and Martin (2005) have concluded that organizational culture is the heart of all strategy creation and implementation. Organizational culture provides the framework for the organization, which affects nearly all the organizational activities, from the execution of strategy to the acceptance and implementation of new processes (Soyer, kabak and Asan 2007; Hill 2009; Cumming and Worley 2009). For managements, culture affects their behaviour unconsciously. It affects the choice, incidence and application of the modes of strategy creation, which reflects the values and preferences of the strategic leader. Managements do thin g in particular ways because it is implicitly expected behaviour influenced by organizational culture. Culture also influences the selection of people for particular jobs, which results in affecting the way in which tasks are carried out and decisions are made. In addition, it influences the ability of a leader to deliver his or her ideal and vision to other members of the organization as well as gaining their support and commitment when it comes to applying new strategy in the organization. In order to have a successful strategy implementation, it requires the right attitude, approach and commitment from employees which can only be influenced by culture. When a strategy match with companys culture, the culture will become a valuable ally in strategy implementation and execution. When it is not a part of the change strategy, management will usually find it difficult to implement the strategy successfully as well as achieving their target (Lawson and Ventriss 1992). Berry (1983) also believes that it may be a wiser choice for managements to select a business or strategy that will fit their companys organizational culture well in order to shift the firm toward a new strategy instead of accomplishing cultural change, which can be very difficult to achieve. Therefore, it is very important to identify the existing cultural dimensions of the organization in order to achieve successful strategy implementation. Organizational culture can be a powerful source to support companys strategy but at the same time, it can also become a great barrier to leaders if they do not consider it carefully. By understanding the elements of organizational culture and its impact on peoples behaviour, I believes that strategic leaders will be better equipped to make wise decision in making and implementing strategies to their organization. One example about how culture influences strategic decision is Walmart. In Walmart, their philosophy is to offer customers a lower price than they can get in anywhere else. Its culture is based on low cost end of every transaction in order to make profit, not from the pricing end. With the principle of saving is important as pricing, the plan has always been to drive costs out of the system in the stores, from the manufacturers profit margins, and from merchandise brokers and other middlemen, all in the service of driving down prices at the retail level, in order for Walmart to sell more, increasing the amount of business with the vendor. In order to keep their expense low, Walmart limits its store locations to rural communities with a maximum population of 10,000. This will not only hold down real estate costs but also protect the company from heavy competition in metropolitan areas. They also try to find healthy suppliers that can provide timely deliveries at low prices. Management s in here also constantly check their competitors price to make sure that Walmart offer the best drive. All of these strategic decisions support the main principle and target which is saving costs as much as possible in order to offer lowest prices in the market (Refrigerated Transporter 2002). Conclusion : In conclusion, I firmly believe that there is a strong connection between organizational culture and strategic management. Every organization has its own unique culture. It is not only the organizations identity but also the philosophy, principles that every member in organization believe and value, which affects not only peoples attitude in the organization but also the strategic decision making and management in the company. If vision and mission of organizations leaders is the goal that the company is aiming, then I believe that culture will be the compass that leads company to achieve that goal. Without the support from organizational culture, it may be impossible for companies to achieve their intended result. Culture also plays an important role in companys competitive advantage. It is a vital element that will helps organization to protect and sustain their competitive advantage from their competitors. As organization keeps building, treasuring their culture as well as careful ly considering and applying it to their strategic management, I believe that the company will be able to accomplish their goal and their leaders vision.

Complementary Medicines - A Perplexing Pharmaceutical Product Essay

There is no place for the supply of vitamins or complimentary medicines in pharmacy. Most complementary medicines lack clinical trials that conclusively prove their efficacy. For pharmacists, considered as drug therapy experts within the community, their supply from a pharmacy presents a serious ethical dilemma, as it is would be unwise to recommend an unproven treatment. It has been reported that this is further compounded by a lack of clear information on the status of the body of evidence for the support of specific complementary medicines. However, there is evidence to suggest that not only can complementary medicines work, but also that the use of complementary medicines is on the increase. This essay aims to review some of the reasons for the use of consumer demand for complementary medicine. Once this has been established, the ethics of the supply of complementary medicines will be examined in detail, concluding with a remark regarding the appropriateness of their supply by a pharmacist within a pharmacy. Within this essay, the term ‘complementary ’ medicines will be intended to include â€Å"herbal medicines, traditional medicines, vitamins and minerals, nutritional supplements, homeopathic medicines and aromatherapy products† as defined by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (REF:TGA). Complementary medicine use has become wide spread, and by all accounts, consumer demand is increasing further. A 2004 representative population survey conducted within Australia revealed that 52% of Australians had used a complementary medicine within the last twelve months (REF:6). (REF:2) reports that consumers reasons for accessing complementary medicines are several and varied, and includes those without ready access to conv... ...quire proof of efficacy and therefore their efficacy has not been established. The belief held by about half of the Australian public that the government tests complementary medicines for efficacy is incorrect. This creates a problem for health care professionals because a risk-benefit profile can not be established, and so consequently they are unable to recommend an unproven complementary medicine. Lack of efficacy also creates ethical challenges for their supply as the community perceives pharmacists as evidence-based experts on drug therapy, but for the majority of complementary medicines this evidence does not exist. Therefore, it can only be concluded that there is no place for the supply of complementary medicines in pharmacy. (REF:5) summaries this position well, â€Å"when proof of efficacy is lacking, any risk, no matter how remote, is too much to bear†.

Body Language :: essays research papers

What is Body Language?Definition: Body Language is communication through gestures or attitudes. (<a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/stat?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&offerid=6424&type=2&subid=0&url=http%253A//search.borders.com/fcgi-bin/db2www/search/search.d2w/Details%253F%2526mediaType%253DBook%2526prodID%253D3805147" >Webster's Dictionary<IMG border=0 alt=icon width=1 height=1 src="http://ad.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/show?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&bids=6424&type=2&subid=0" >, 1997)Why is it important for teachers to know and use?Most people remember more of what they see than what they hear. We retain vivid images of facial expressions and body behavior.Body language usually dose not lie. We can build trust with our students by showing them that our actions will be in sync with our words.Alert teachers watch their students' movements, actions, and emotions and use what they see to adjust their teaching methods to be effective with their l essons.By being alert to student behaviors, teachers can more easily predict and deter inappropriate behavior before it becomes a problem. Teachers need to be able to control their own body language so they can be in charge of the message they want to portray to the students. They can send out positive body language messages to promote positive interaction between her/himself and the students and between students and other students.Modeling positive body language is important because body language can be very contagious.Issues that contribute to one's use of body language:culture physical size gender mood past experiences age position Examples for the classroom:</bAlways observe the students' body language and be able to detect boredom. By being alert to students' body language messages you are more likely to meet their needs and interests even if they may not verbalize them. Use direct eye contact with your students. This is one of the most important nonverbal teaching skills. L ook directly at the student (not at their hair, shoulder, what they are wearing). Looking any place else is too distracting for them. Do not make it a habit to stay behind or around your desk all of the time. Whether they realize it or not, some teachers use their desk as a wall of protection or symbol of authority in the classroom.

Fall of Rome - the militarys role :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Fall of Rome - the military's role The Military's Role in the Beginning of the End of Rome The fall of Rome occurred over many centuries and was caused by several factors including military decay, barbarian invasions, and the failure of the government to respond to these problems. While these problems existed to a greater of lesser degree, since the end of the 2nd century, their effects were accelerated by the reforms of the emperors Constantine and Diocletian. These reforms changed Roman life as well as the face of the Roman army, moving it away from its classical infantry-based structure to a more cavalry-based system. The army was reorganized into lightly armed troops called "limitanei" who defended the border, and large mobile armies composed of troops called "comitatenses". The border troops were given land to live on around forts they protected. This structure led to farming becoming the job of the border troops so that they could feed as well as protect those on the frontier. Over time, this in turn led to out of date weaponry and neglect in training. The weakness of these troops meant that more mobile troops were needed to compensate, and an easily penetrable border as a result of the weakness led to the need for highly efficient mobile armies. Since t he cavalry were the most mobile unit of the army, they began to be the favored military unit. With forces strung along the border and concentrated large mobile armies, an increased number of recruits were required; however, land owners were reluctant to let themselves or their kin be recruited because that left less workers for their farms. At the same time, the division of the empire into outer imperial provinces and inner provinces controlled by the Senate had its own effect. Since the armies largely remained in the outer imperial provinces, the people of the inner provinces were out of touch with the army and were no longer attracted to service, again reducing the available pool of recruits. One reason that many avoided Army service was because Roman citizenship was now offered freely, where in prior times military service had been a path to citizenship. The result was less manpower available for Rome. The Roman army was left with no choice but to recruit barbarians, who could in this way both find employment where they had no skills, and hope to obtain Roman citizenship.

Cooking Is My Hobby Essay

I enjoy cooking because it keeps me happy in my life. Whenever I feel sad or upset, cooking ease that for me in a big way. I started cooking when I was 6, but it was as simple as putting ham and cheese between 2 slices of bread and used my favorite condiment of maynaise and let it heat up for about 30 seconds. When I grew older, my knowledge of food grew to new depths when I learned how to cook American food on the grill when I was 13 and my dad was the sole reason why I got better since he explained to me how to use temperature control. The 1st dish I made on my own without any kind of assistance was Alaskan Cod with Lemon Pepper which I enjoyed very much when it was baked in an oven. Now, in my college years, I evolved into making cursine in many cultures such as tacos from Mexico, crepes from France, peking duck from China, and pizza from Italy using my ingredients I purchased from HEB, Fiesta, or Chinatown in my hometown. Cooking is the only thing in which I know how to do best and I usually cook for my family, relatives, friends, or people whom I do not know. Sometimes, I cook multiple of one thing for homeless people and disturbute them across the city. My least favorite thing to cook is vegetables since I do not like them, but if someone requests them on their plate, I will not be unwilling to cook them. Instead, I would embrace their desires and make it for them. I have invested hours of my time per day to be more knowlegable about different cooking methods from various chefs instead of just one in order to be prepared for different styles of cooking and perferences from guests. My signature dish is pork and leek dumplings with either soy sauce or vinegar or my orange chicken with basil and coconut broth so if you are ever in my area, I will be willing to cook for you.

The Surface Ocean And Land Environmental Sciences Essay

The physical environment determines where beings can populate, and the resources that are available to them. The physical environment consists of clime and chemical environment. Climate includes temperature, air current, and precipitation. The chemical environment consists of salt, sourness, gas concentrations and foods. The surface ocean has currents which move multitudes of ocean H2O fluxing from one topographic point to another. Such activity transportations heat from the Torrid Zones to the poles, which can act upon conditions clime, and distribute foods and spread beings. Surface currents are driven in gesture by air current which is parallel to the ocean ‘s surface. Deep currents are density driven and do the H2O to travel vertically. Upwelling is a mechanism of ocean circulation which deep ocean H2O rises to the surface. The effects of upwelling are take downing H2O temperature, addition in foods, and supply good piscaries. The transferring of heat by ocean currents is transferred by â€Å" great ocean conveyor belt † which links the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. Knowing the importance of the surface ocean has within our environment, this all can be altered with an addition of CO2. Surface oceans absorb CO2, hence if there is an addition of CO2 in the environment this will do chemical alterations such as an addition in sourness ( lessening in pH ) . The lessening in pH will hold an consequence on phytoplankton and zooplankton which are a major nutrient beginning to angle. Another manner an addition in CO2 can impact the surface ocean is that when there is an addition in CO2 there is a lessening in O which makes it harder for all marine animate beings to last. In drumhead there is such a thing as C rhythm, which maintains a steady sum of C dioxide in the ambiance by gas exchange which non merely affects the ocean but besides has consequence on the clime alteration in the ambiance. An addition of CO2 non merely has an consequence on the surface ocean, but besides land. Not merely do workss take C dioxide out of the ambiance, workss besides have the ability to alter the sum of vaporization depending on how much H2O workss take in from the ambiance, and how much H2O they release. Plants go through a procedure of evapotranspiration, which is the procedures of chilling and releasing of H2O through their pores. Plants need CO2 for photosynthesis utilizing their pores, when there is an addition in CO2 this affects the workss pore and causes less H2O to be released which finally affects the workss chilling. With the higher degrees of CO2 workss will acclimize the usage of H2O that is available within the dirt, workss will increase the efficiency of H2O used. 27. Compare and contrast the primary productiveness of polar, temperate and tropical oceans. Describe the physical and chemical factors that contribute to productiveness differences as map of latitude. Polar Regions are at latitudes 60-90 grades, have a temperature is ever at the freeze does non dwell of much seasonal fluctuation. The surface H2O is really cold therefore the H2O is alimentary rich. Since there is no fluctuation in temperature the H2O does non dwell of thermocline, which besides means no stratification. The great conveyor belt is used to take the high food cold H2O from the poles to warmer countries environments that are in demand to nutrient rich H2O which greatly enhances the productiveness of all dirts, workss and marine animate beings. Even though the temperatures are stop deading in the polar parts there is still fluctuations of Sun visible radiation available which produces productiveness in workss. Temperate Regions- are the parts between 30-60 grades latitude and have all seasons. The winter is wet and the summer is dry with ample precipitation all twelvemonth about. During the winter, as in polar parts stratification hardly exist and the surface ocean is rich in foods. During the winter productiveness is low because the Sun beams are at a low angle, which consequences in low productiveness because, the low photosynthesis. After the winter there is spring, spring brings plenty sunlight that beings can get down to blossom such as phytoplankton. With a greater sum of sunshine, the heater the ocean gets and a thermocline is present. Since the thermocline is present the foods are located in the deep oceans and this halts productiveness. After the summer, autumn cools the ocean and the thermocline is easy vanishing which is conveying foods back to the surface. There is high productiveness in both the spring and the autumn, spring has high productiveness because of the cold, high al imentary H2O from the winter, and spring has high productiveness by the sunlight exposure signifier the summer. The productiveness in the seasons autumn and spring are so high because of the turnover that takes topographic point. Employee turnover is the commixture of epilimnion and hypolimnion by air currents blowing on the surface. This commixture is of import for the recycling of the foods that are lost from the epilimnion during the summer. Mixing besides moves oxygen into the hypolimnion and deposits to the underside. The refilling of O is used up by the respiration of aerophilic bacteriums during the summer, increases biological activity in deep H2O zones. Tropical Regions- Tropical parts are at latitudes between 0-30 grades. The tropical parts consist of really low force per unit area which is tantamount to warm H2O temperatures. Tropical parts do non under seasonal fluctuation therefore the warm H2O remains warm, in which warm H2O lacks foods. The deficiency of foods is prevented from the warm thermocline which prevents productiveness. The tropical ocean Waterss lack foods which affects the sum of productiveness throughout this part.

Is Western Culture Dominating Indian Culture Essay

Now we are in 21st century ,if we compare the culture which means the way we live,the way we love,the way we give respect to yelders and teachers,the food we eat,the way we dress,etc., of the 20th century I can say that the western culture is not dominating but going to dominate unique Indian culture. Today youth occupy most of the population of our country.Youth contribute to the uniqueness of any nation.Our nation has its uniqueness in its culture through the world.Most of the countries respect our culture. But for a doveloping country like India some of the western principles are necessary to make it dovelprd country.This reason is making our youth attracted to the bad part of western culture such as late night pubs,shorts,western music,etc which is giving them a great intellectual freedom. All these results in this present discussion of Domination of culture. Some of the citizens of the nation are supporting the western culture by saying that without the western culture no country will become developed.I agree with them up to some extent because a country should have to adapt foreign principles up to which the people of nation doesn’t get spoiled bi it. There is a saying of Mahathma Gandhi that â€Å"Open the doors and windows of the house to get fresh air from them to makes us good but not to flew away by heavy wind†. So I can say finally that we should adapt the positive side of the foreign culture which makes us developed and oppose its negative side†¦

FOSS Research Assignment Essay

FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) had some trouble in 2006 when Microsoft submitted 235 patents that were allegedly violated by FOSS. Microsoft created these patents in order to collect royalties from companies in the â€Å"free world† (companies/people using free software). Eben Moglen of the Free Software Foundation contended that software is a mathematical algorithm and is not patentable. Moglen wrote, â€Å"It’s a tinderbox. As the commercial confrontation between free software and software-that’s-a-product becomes more fierce, patent law’s going to be the terrain on which a big piece of the war’s going to be fought.† FOSS has powerful corporate patrons and allies. So if Microsoft ever tried to sue Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. In the 1970s and 1980s, software companies relied mainly on â€Å"trade secrets† doctrine and copyright law to protect their products. But everything changed in the 1990s. The copyright law was providing less protection to software than companies hoped for and the â€Å"trade secrets† doctrine was becoming unworkable because the secret itself (the source code) had to be revealed to an unlimited number of other people/companies. With the internet, Microsoft applied for 1,411 patents in 2002. By 2004 they submitted 3,780 patents. After that Microsoft had three choices. First they could do nothing and donate the patents to the development community. Second they could start suing other companies that were using their patents. Or third, they could begin licensing its patents to other companies for either royalties or access to their patents, which would be a cross-licensing deal. So they took the third option. Microsoft later made a deal with Novell. They agreed not to sue each other’s customers for patent infringement, which is okay because it’s something that Richard Stallman’s GPL doesn’t address. Novell then agreed to give MS a percentage of all its Linux revenue through 2011. Microsoft decided it would pay Novell $240 million for â€Å"coupons† that could sell to customers, who would then trade in the coupons for subscriptions to Novell’s Linux server software. They also paid a â€Å"balancing payment† for the patent part of the deal. So now all of the FOSS developers are in fear because â€Å"the big boys† aka MS could purchase their version of Linux through a vendor such as Novell while getting protection from lawsuits and letting the â€Å"little guys† to fend for themselves. But without the little guy developers, the future of high-quality FOSS is undetermined. So the Free Software Foundation drafted a new version of the GPL that would prevent anyone else from using the original copy’s loophole that MS exploited. But Moglen had another thought. The fact that MS was selling coupons that people/companies could trade in for Novell subscriptions meant that MS was now a Linux distributer and went against the terms of the GPL, and was in fact in violation themselves. So Moglen wrote that if MS continued to issue these coupons after the new GPL takes effect, it would be waiving its right to bring patent suits against all Linux users. Moglen kept his promise and the new version of the GPL was released that July. Microsoft and Novell proceeded with their deal. But Moglen’s revisions will prevent other companies from making any more deals like the Novell one. Microsoft hoped that the deal with Novell would be a model it could use it to collect royalties with other companies of free software. So the bridge from MS to FOSS failed, but we are now closer than ever to â€Å"patent Armageddon.† The bridge with MS needs to be burned and the patent system needs to be shut down. Moglen says â€Å"The free world says that software is the embodiment of knowledge about technology, which needs to be free in the same way that mathematics is free. Everybody is allowed to know as much of it as he wants, regardless of whether he can pay for it, and everybody can contribute and everybody can share.† Works Cited Article: â€Å"Microsoft takes on the free world† Link: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/05/28/100033867/index2.htm

Organizational Behavior in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Behavior in Management - Essay Example The essay "Organizational Behavior in Management" presents a systematic study of Organizational Behavior (OB) that equips the manager with the necessary theories, concepts, and principles of human behavior which he would need in future decision-making processes. OB is the analysis of the way that individuals work within an organization.A manager, having four basic functions such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, need the theoretical background on organizational behavior to assist him in effectively carrying out these functions. Organizational Behavior provides theories on motivation, communication, leadership, work group behavior, organizational development and even topics on career, time and stress management. Understanding OB allows better worker relations, more realistic expectations and improves job satisfaction†. For an organization, a manager with knowledge of OB would be able to increase productivity for it provides the knowledge and information which are the basis for improving performance. Frequent resignation, excessive wastage could signify that the company needs better recruitment or screening procedures, more intensive training programs, safe and clean working environments, equitable compensation package, or a healthy and stimulating psychological climate. All these strategies are better determined by a manager who is equipped with a systematic study of organizational behavior. Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions.

An Appreciation for Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Appreciation for Music - Essay Example Naturally, depending upon the type of music that I listen to, it can ultimately be used in a way not dissimilar to a drug. When I am having difficulty sleeping, I can easily find a piece or a series of pieces of music that reflect a very calming and soothing tone; thereby helping me to get to sleep. When I need a level of focus or would like to bring out key attributes of determination or courage, I can turn to music as a way to instill such emotions. In short, music and the feelings it inspires can act as a type of stimulus to achieve the given mood that I am in search of or to induce feelings that would otherwise not come to me in a natural way. Finally, as a function of the other two ways in which music affects me, the third way is an ultimate end in and of itself. A type of imaginative portrait that can be painted in any number of ten thousand different ways. Even though I may have heard the song, track, or album before, the fact of the matter is that the imagery that it engages me with as a function of the aforementioned emotion and mood alteration is something that can only be described to a fellow music lover. Whereas one can read a book and have the same thought process, look at a piece of art and evoke the same images or memories, when I listen to music, there is never a firm or defined way in which my brain imitates the imagery that is presented; it is ultimately different each and every time. As a function of all of these things, music has a profound effect on the way I view the world.

Special Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Special Interests - Essay Example The relationship between political parties and interest groups is also discussed and the clear aims of the interest groups towards the making of policies are outlined. Interest groups also influence the president and the congress in the making of policies. This happens through the employment of lobbyists, most of whom are former government employees. The structure of the American government invites the participation of interest groups at various stages of policy making. Citizens have formed groups and elect representatives in their neighborhoods or cities, and lobby the city council and their state government. Keywords: Interest Group, Political Party, Lobby, Lobbyist, President, Congress, Policy, Policy Making, Legislators, Government 1. Define an interest group, with examples There has been a lot of confusion when it comes to getting the clear understanding of what interest groups are. This confusion occurs when people think that the interest groups are those that are primarily par t of an existing political party, and are politically active. This understanding fails to acknowledge the many numbers of non-membership organizations that are active in politics, like business or law firms that are not affiliated to any political party. An interest group refers to any non-Party organization that involves itself in political activity in order to influence public policy and in turn gain favors. An interest group is usually a formally organized group or association that seeks to influence public policy. The interest groups share a desire of affecting government policies, in order to benefit their cause or themselves. There are examples of interest groups in America like the American Red Cross; inasmuch as it is not political in nature and in as much as some of their time is spent in helping the needy people, some of their time is spent in trying to influence the government (Nownes, 2013). Interest groups are of different categories; there are those that are known as e conomic interest groups whose main aim is on the side of the economy like the business interest groups and public employees’ unions. Also, there is another category known as a public interest group that is concerned with the overall community and national good, rather than the narrow interest of a particular group. Despite the different types of interest groups that exist, they have characteristics that bind them together and make them to be referred to as interest groups (Bardes, Shelley, & Schmidt, 2010). These characteristics are as follows: They are organized. A group is not considered an interest group if it is not organized, this means that it should have a budget, employers, and at times an office (Nownes, 2013). Should not be affiliated to any political party. This means that it should not be formally part of any political party (Nownes, 2013). They are involved in political activity. The main difference between interest groups and other groups is that, the interest g roups are known to lobby, this means that they attempt to influence the government decisions (Nownes, 2013). The following are some of the examples of the major groups that can be termed as interest groups. Profit business firms. These are enterprises that make, buy and sell goods and services for profit. Many of them have an interest in politics and government because the government is involved in policy making, and thus they must look for ways that will ensure that those policies favor them in